Leavenworth Papers Number 5. Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies

Book excerpt: This study addresses those aspects of warfare in the vicinity of European Russia. The harsh climate of that region can be an indiscriminate killer, and the successful army must adapt to winter conditions. The obvious special conditions encountered in the northern latitudes are: extreme cold, deep snow, short days, and-in most subarctic locales-dense coniferous forests, spares population (and consequently few ready-made shelters), and poor and widely separated roads. Their military corollaries are also readily apparent: Mobility and logistical support are restricted. Roads and runways can only be kept open by plowing or compacting the snow. Cross-country transport-if possible at all-requires wide-tracked vehicles or sleds; Infantrymen moving through deep snow rapidly become exhausted; Extended marches require skis or at least snowshoes; Without special lubricants firearms and motors may freeze up and become inoperative at subzero temperatures; Human efficiency and survival require adequate shelter. If not available locally, portable shelter must be provided; Frostbite* casualties may exceed battle losses unless troops wear proper cothing, including warm gloves and footgear; and Speedy removal of the wounded from the battlefield to shelter is essential to prevent even minor wounds from resulting in death from exposure.