Panic in the Senate

Book excerpt: President Andrew Jackson fought many battles, but equally important, in the 1830s he campaigned passionately to limit the power of the federal government and that of the central bank. He argued vehemently that the Bank gave privilege and unfair advantage to the elite few at the expense of the public. The events retold in this book foreshadowed some of the conflicts dividing the U.S. today. Questions about how much power the President ought to have and how much the central bank could exercise in controlling the economy riled the nation. The Senate session of the 23rd Congress (often called the “Panic Session”) served as the main arena for two battles: what form the American presidency would take and the economic direction the country would follow. This became the most crucial political debate during the antebellum period, outside of the slavery issue. Offering a deep analysis of the arguments put forth by Jackson’s Senate allies and their opponents, this book fills an important void. These debates are crucial to understanding the formation of the second party system, the evolution of the presidency under Jackson, and the economic direction the country took as it spiraled uncontrollably towards the Civil War. The debates of the session are often condensed down to the words of Senate giants such as Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster, but this book argues that others’ contributions to the session were equally significant. The Bank War altered the economic course the country had followed since its birth, but further, the manner in which Jackson waged the war forever changed the nature and power of the American president, as well as its relationship to the people.