TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) 2020/21

Book excerpt: TERI Energy & Environment Data Diary and Yearbook (TEDDY) is an annual publication brought out by TERI since 1986. It is the only comprehensive energy and environment yearbook in India that provides updated information on the energy supply sectors (coal and lignite, petroleum and natural gas, power, and renewable energy sources), energy demand sectors (agriculture, industry, transport, household, buildings), and environment (local and global). Recent changes in the energy sector and environment are depicted with the help of graphs, figures, maps, and tables. The publication also reviews government policies associated with energy and environment. TEDDY 2020/21 gives an account of India’s commercial energy balances, extensively covering energy flows within different sectors of the economy and how they have been changing over time. These energy balances and conversion factors are a valuable reference for researchers, scholars, and organizations engaged in energy and related sectors. Contents of the book are organized into three sections—Energy Supply, Energy Demand, and Local and Global Environment. Interlinkage of SDGs with energy and environment also forms the subject matter of TEDDY 2020/21. The thirty-sixth edition continues to remain less prose intensive with inclusion of more data, represented with the help of infographics, thus making the publication an authentic and interesting read. Key Features: • Provides a review of government policies, programmes and initiatives that have implications for the petroleum and natural gas sector and the Indian economy • New chapters on Air Pollution, Solid Waste Management, Water Resource Management, and Land and Forest Resource Management • Exhaustive data from energy supply, energy demand, and local and global environment sectors Contents: Energy and environment: an overview Energy supply: Coal and lignite • Petroleum and natural gas • Power • Renewable energy Energy demand: Agriculture • Industry • Transport • Household energy • Buildings Local and global environment: Air quality and pollution • Solid waste management • Water resource management • Land and forest resource management • Climate change Audience: Researchers and Professionals from industries, government organizations, and public sector undertakings. Research scholars from different NGOs, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and academic institutions. Shelving: Energy, Environmental Sciences and Studies, Industry (Coal and lignite, oil and gas, power, renewable energy), climate change, Agriculture sector, Transport sector, domestic sector For sample chapters and Sankey diagram, please visit: www.teriin.org/projects/teddy List of Tables Energy and Environment: An Overview 1. SEC Indian industries 2. Trend in consumption of select petroleum products in the transport sector in India (in MT) · Commercial energy balance (2019/20) · Commercial energy balance (2020/21) (P) Coal and Lignite 1 New environmental norms for TPSs 2 FGD implementation status of TPSs—general summary (capacity in MW) 3 FGD implementation status of TPSs situated in NCR (capacity in MW) · Pithead run of mine price of non-coking coal applicable for Eastern Coalfields Limited, Bharat Coking Coal Limited, Central Coalfields Limited, Northern Coalfields Limited, Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, South Eastern Coalfields Limited, and North Eastern Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020 · Revised price of coking coal for NRS · Pit head price of non-coking coal applicable for Western Coalfields Limited, with effect from 27 November 2020 Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 Proved and probable reserves status during 2019/20 2 LNG terminals in India 3 Trend in installed refining capacity of Indian refineries 4 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India 5 List of taxes for the production and sale of crude oil in India 6 List of taxes for the production and sale of natural gas in India 7 Retail selling price and taxes on petrol and diesel in India and other countries in 2019/20 8 Trend in CNG stations, CNG vehicles, and CNG sales quantity in India · City gas distribution bidding parameters · Year-wise work programme for successful CGD bidders · Crude oil pipelines and capacity status · Petroleum products pipeline infrastructure status · Status of existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure · Price build-up of LPG in Delhi · Price build-up of superior kerosene oil (LPG) in Mumbai · Price build-up of MS in Delhi · Price build-up of HSD in Delhi · Status of domestic PNG connections, industrial, commercial PNG, and CNG connections (as on 31 May 2021) Power 1 Progress of substations in India up to March 2020 2 Import /export of energy by India into/from countries during 2019/20 3 Status of construction of Green Energy Corridors as on 31 December 2019 4 Works accomplished under IPDS 5 State/UT-wise AT&C loss performance (in %) 6 Average cost of supply, average revenue, and revenue gap 7 Selected state-/union territory-average tariff for sale of electricity in India (2007/08 to 2013/14) (in paise/kWh) 8 Sanctioned smart grid pilot projects and implementation status Renewable Energy 1 Status of solar parks in India 2 Top five players in solar PV 3 Benchmark costs for various solar thermal technologies Agriculture 1 Production, imports, and consumption of fertilizers ('000 tonnes of fertilizers) 2 Source-wise net irrigated area in India (in Mha) 3 Distribution of GHG emissions by sub-sectors from the agriculture sector in 2010 and 2016 (in GgCO2e) 4 State-/UT-wise cold storage capacity as on 31 December 2019 5 Irrigation water productivity of rice, wheat and sugar cane in major growing states 6 State-/UT-wise cumulative installation of solar water pumps (as of 31 December 2020) 7 On-farm solar energy interventions linking water and land use in different states in India · Policy categories and key nodal agency impacting energy use in agriculture · Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector Industry 1 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for aluminium sector 2 Production of aluminium by primary aluminium producers (in tonnes) 3 SEC in aluminium smelting 4 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for cement sector 5 Cement production 6 Average and best practice energy consumption values for Indian cement plants by process 7 Brief overview of different PAT cycle for chlor-alkali sector 8 Production of chlor-alkali 9 Section-wise energy consumption in caustic soda production 10 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for fertilizer sector 11 Production of urea, DAP and complex fertilizers (in MT) 12 Benchmarking energy consumption in the fertilizer sector 13 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for iron and steel sector 14 Crude steel production and capacity utilization 15 Comparison of Indian and international SEC for steel industry 16 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for pulp and paper sector 17 Benchmarking energy consumption in different industry groups of pulp and paper sector 18 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for textile sector 19 Production of yarn and fabric in India 20 Typical energy requirements for different process in the textile industry 21 Brief overview of different PAT cycles for petrochemical sector 22 Production (in MT) of major petrochemicals in India 23 Share of different types of energy consumption in petrochemical plants (in %) 24 Energy for ethane and naphtha crackers Transport 1 Trend in consumption of select petroleum products in India 2 India’s road network 3 Lane-wise length of national highways in India (in km) 4 Freight and passenger movement by roads 5 Major port-wise capacity utilization during 2018/19 (in MT) 6 Cargo traffic handeld at ports in India (in MT) 7 Traffic handled at non-major ports (in MT) 8 Funds allocated under Sagarmala scheme to coastal states/ UTs (2015/16–2018/19) 9 Cargo movement through inland waterways transport 10 Airports in India 11 Passenger traffic carried by scheduled airlines (in million) 12 Freight traffic carried by scheduled airlines (in thousand tonnes) 13 App-based transport projects under Smart Cities Mission 14 Operational metro rail length in Indian cities as of April 2021 · New acts/bills/rules · Status of various construction projects · Policies and programmes · Green initiatives Household Energy 1. A timeline of government acts, policies, and schemes for providing energy access to households · Per capita consumption of electricity · Per capita consumption of electricity in India · Total energy consumption by countries/regions · Village electrification in India · Reliability of power supply in rural and urban areas · DISCOM-wise monthly average duration of interruptions (July 2021) in 11kV rural and mixed feeders · Consumers (total and residential) of electricity in India · Distribution of households based on energy source for lighting · Source of energy for cooking in residential sector in India · Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for lighting (2001/02–2011/12) · Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for cooking (2001/02–2011/12) · Consumption of LPG and kerosene · Residential consumption of LPG and kerosene · Residential consumers of LPG · Electricity consumption and consumers in the residential sector Buildings 1. India’s energy projections 2. Electricity demand by 2030 3. Air-conditioning and cooling capacity of India in 2016 4. Final energy consumption for space cooling in buildings 5. Status of energy-efficiency policies in India Air Quality and Pollution 1. State-wise distribution of manual and continuous monitoring stations in operation under NAMP for 2020 2. Revised ambient air quality standards (2009) 3. Breakpoints for AQI scale 0–500 4. State-wise estimates of 24 h concentrations of PM2.5 in kitchens from the use of solid cooking fuels 5. Stack emission standards for major air polluting industries 6. New emission standards for TPPs 7. Emission standards for two-wheeler and three-wheeler categories 8. Emission standard for four-wheeler (4W) category 9. Emission norms for heavy diesel vehicles 10. Emission standards for generator sets (gensets) 11. Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants on all daily mortality in India 12. Dose response study of short-term effects of criteria air pollutants all-cause mortality around the globe 13. Recent policies in different sectors to improve air quality in India · Comparison of ambient air quality standards of different countries · Number of days different cities/towns exceeded the NAAQS of PM2.5 in 2018 · Summary of source apportionment studies during the last decade in India · Studies conducted relating to health effects of air pollution Solid Waste Management · MSW gasification technologies · Recycling facilities located in Delhi and Ahmedabad · Management of C&D waste in major cities of India · Various treatment technologies for plastic waste and their environmental impacts Water Resource Management 1. Water resource potential (in BCM) in river basins of India 2. Criteria for categorization of assessment units 3. Sustainable Development Goal 6: National Indicator Framework Land and Forest Resource Management 1 Nutrient-wise consumption of fertilizer material in India (1999/2000–2018/19) (in lakh MT) 2 Category-wise total area under wastelands 3 Changes in area under wetlands from 2005/06 to 2011/12 4 Status of wetland conservation in India 5 Number of forest fire alerts issued by FSI from November 2018 to June 2019 6 State/UT-wise funds released under National Afforestation Programme (INR in crore) 7 Year-wise funds released under Green India Mission from 2016/17-2020/21 (INR in crore) 8 State-/UT-wise funds released under Compensatory Afforestation Funds by Ad-hoc CAMPA 9 Number of floral species, their endemism, and threat status 10 Number of faunal species, their endemism, and threat status 11 Animals, plants, fungi, and protists in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Categories 12 PAs in India 13 Some key acts related to the forestry and biodiversity sector in India Climate Change 1 Emission scenario 2 Level of CO2 emissions (in billion tonnes of CO2) 3 Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters 4 Global emissions and emission gap under the implementation of INDC for 2030 (median and range in GTCO2e) 5 Sector-wise national GHG emission in MT for 2016 6 Current status of state action plans on climate change · Carbon dioxide emissions across regions (in MtCO2) · Missions under National Action Plan on Climate Change · (a) Projects sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change · (b) Projects sanctioned under National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change List of Figures Energy and Environment: An Overview 1 Energy mix in 2020/21 2 Sankey diagram for 2020/21 (P) 3 Industry-wise consumption of raw coal 4 Coal transportation by various modes for 2020/21Total balance recoverable crude oil and natural gas reserves in India 4 5 Trend in domestic crude oil production 6 Crude import, product imports, and total imports (in '000 MT) 7 Trend in natural gas production, imports, consumption and import dependency 8 Installed generating capacity in India by mode (utilities) 9 Growth of gross electricity generation in India by mode 10 Growth of renewable energy sources 11 HSD and LDO consumption in the agriculture sector 12 Trends in electricity consumption in the industry sector 13 Consumption of selected petroleum products in the industry sector 14 Trend in fuel consumption in the Indian Railways 15 All-India annual per capita consumption of electricity since 2006 16 Consumption of electricity by the domestic sector from 2011/12 to 2020/21(P) 17 Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for cooking (2001/02 and 2011/12) 18 Electricity consumption (kWh) in BU for commercial building segments 19 Commercial and residential energy consumption by use 20 Annual ambient concentrations of (i) SO2 and (ii) NO2 pollutants across the country (2008–20) 21 Annual ambient concentrations of PM2.5 across the country (2014–20) 22 Annual ambient concentrations of PM10 across the country (2008–20) 23 Per capita water availability in relation to population 24 Municipal solid waste management status in 2018/19 25 Trend of average water table in India from 1980 to 2015 26 Percentage of land area under various uses in 2017 27 Land-use change from 2010/11 to 2014/15 28 CO2 emissions in India as compared to GDP (PPP) 29 CO2 emissions within sub-sectors in India · Sankey diagram for 2019/20 Coal and Lignite 1 Coal reserves in India as on 1 April 2020 2 Lignite reserves in India (as on 1 April 2020) 3 Coal and lignite production in India 4 Target versus actual coal supply (in MT) in India 5 Coal production by CIL and SCCL 6 Production of coal (in %) from opencast and underground mining 7 Coal off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21 8 Lignite off-take (in %) by different sectors in India during 2020/21 9 Coal transportation by various modes for 2018/19 10 India’s import of coal (in percentage share) 11 Coal imports and production trend (in MT) 12 India’s export of coal (in percentage share) 13 Fly ash generation and utilization (in MT) between 2015 and 2021 14 Mode of fly ash utilization during 2019/20 Petroleum and Natural Gas 1 Total balance recoverable crude oil and natural gas reserves in India 2 Basin-wise ultimate hydrocarbon reserves as on 31 March 2020 3 Basin-wise in-place hydrocarbon reserves as on 31 March 2020 4 Trend in domestic crude oil production 5 Crude import, product imports, and total imports 6 Crude import, product imports, and total imports 7 Trend in production of petroleum products from refineries and fractionators 8 Country-wise crude oil imports by India 9 Trend in petroleum products’ consumption in India 10 Status of petroleum products’ consumption during 2019/20 11 Trend in domestic natural gas production 12 Trend in natural gas production and import dependency 13 Trend in consumption of natural gas by different sectors 14 Trend in consumption of imported and domestic natural gas by different sectors 15 Crude throughput of Indian refineries 16 Trend in gross refining margin of Indian refineries 17 Trend in subsidies for the sale of petroleum and natural gas in India 18 Share of tax/duties to total contribution of petroleum sector to exchequer 19 Contribution of taxes from the oil and gas industry to the central exchequer 20 Trend of Excise Duty on petrol and diesel vis-à-vis crude oil price in India 21 Contribution of taxes from the oil and gas industry to the state exchequer 22 State-wise collection of sales tax/VAT/SGST/UTGST from the oil and gas industry in 2019/20 23 Trend in retail selling price and taxes of gasoline in India vis-à-vis other countries 24 Trend in retail selling price and taxes of diesel in India vis-à-vis other countries 25 Trends in the price of domestic gas produced in India on GCV basis 26 Trend in the geographical areas offered and awarded under city gas distribution bidding 27 Status of state-/UT-wise piped domestic, commercial, and industrial connections · Indian sedimentary basins Power 1 Installed generating capacity in India by mode (utilities) as on 31 March 2021 2 Installed generating capacity in India by sector (utilities) as on 31 March 2021 3 Growth rate of installed generating capacity in India (2020/21) 4 CAGR of installed generating capacity in India (2012–20) 5 Growth rate of electricity generation in India (2019/20) 6 Electricity generation in India (2012–20) 7 Growth of gross electricity generation in India by mode 8 PLF of coal- and lignite-based power plants 9 Power supply position: energy 10 Power supply position: peak 11 Growth rate of peak demand and met (2011–21) 12 Growth rate of energy requirement and availability 13 Sector-wise electricity consumption pattern 14 Electricity intensity of economy 15 AT&C and T&D losses 16 Per capita electricity consumption 17 Sustainable Development Goals Renewable Energy 1 Linkages of other SDGs to SDG 7 2 Grid power and their perentage share till March 2021 3 Growth of renewable energy sources (till March 2021) 4 Top 10 states in renewable installation (till March 2021) 5 Installed solar capacity (2015–21) 6 Top 10 states grid-connected installed solar capacity (till 28 February 2021) 7 Solar tariff (till March 2020/21) 8 Top 10 states by targets rooftop capacities 9 Net solar PV installed (2017–2020) 10 State-wise wind power potential at 100 m above ground level 11 Growth of wind energy sector (till July 2019) 12 State-wise installed capacity (as on December 2020) 13 Cumulative biomass power, gasification and bagasse cogeneration projects (up to June 2019) 14 State/UT-wise cumulative commissioned biomass power, waste-to-power, and bagasse cogeneration grid connected projects (up to 30 June 2019) 15 Family-size biogas plants (up to June 2019) 16 State-/UT-wise maximum waste generation and processing in urban areas in India .. (as on 31 December 2018) 17 Cumulative waste-to-energy/power projects (up to June 2019) 18 State-wise ethanol manufacturing capacity in India 19 Year-wise cumulative installed capacity till June 2019 20 Tidal energy potential 21 Target for geothermal energy deployment Agriculture 1 Production of different agricultural products in India 2 HSD and LDO consumption in the agriculture sector 3 Electricity consumption in the agriculture sector 4 Region-wise electricity consumption in the agriculture sector 5 Production of urea, diammonium phosphate, and other complex fertilizers (in MT) 6 Trend in GHG emission from the agriculture sector in India (in GgCO2e) 7 Percentage share of major farm machineries used in Indian agriculture 8 Farm power availability and foodgrain yield 9 Share of major crops in the gross cropped area in India (in %) 10 Number of tractors sold 11 Number of power tillers sold 12 Number of diesel and electric pumps used in India 13 Selected state UT-wise area covered under microirrigation (drip and sprinkler) in India Industry 1 Share of different processes in crude steel production Transport 1 World transport sector energy balance 2 Share (in %) of GHG emissions in transport sector in India 3 India transport sector energy balance 4 Total number of registered motor vehicles in India 5 Trend in electrification of route network of railways 6 Gauge-wise growth in network of the Indian Railways 7 Addition made to capacity through new lines, gauge conversion, and doubling of lines by the Indian Railways 8 Trend in passenger traffic movement on the Indian Railways 9 Trend in railways freight segment earnings on average rate per tonne kilometre basis 10 Trend in fuel consumption in the Indian Railway 11 Share of commodity groups in total traffic at major ports in 2017/18 12 Growth in capacity in Indian shipping industry in terms of number of vessels and gross tonnage 13 Trend in passenger load factor of scheduled Indian airlines in the domestic market Household Energy 1 Residential consumers of LPG 2 Percentage of power consumption in residential sector to total power consumed by all sectors 3 Consumption of LPG and kerosene in the residential sector 4 LPG refills from May 2016 until June 2019 5 Growth of LPG consumers in India 6 Consumption of LPG consumers in India 7 Consumption of LPG (in %) in residential sector 8 Growth of residential consumers in India 9 Consumption of electricity by residential sector Buildings 1 Consumption of electricity by sectors in India in 2019/20 2 Commercial energy consumption by use 3 Residential energy consumption by use 4 Building typologies as per ECBC, 2017 5 Building typologies as per Eco-Niwas Samhita, 2018 6 HVAC load break-up (in %) 7 Energy-efficient building design process 8 Building form and orientation for passive design 9 Shading design strategies 10 Structural and thermal loads 11 Façade with different WWR 12 Daylighting as a passive design strategy 13 Types of ventilation 14 Energy reduction with increase in design indoor temperature 15 Percentage growth of cooling requirement in India Air Quality and Pollution 1 Annual ambient concentration of different pollutants across the country during 2008–20 2 State/UT-wise average ambient air quality status of different pollutant parameters for the period of 2008–20 3 Sectorial contribution to ambient PM10 and PM2.5 4 Institutional framework of air quality governance in India Solid Waste Management 1. Trajectory of average MSW generated in India between 2011 and 2019 2. MSW management status in India 3. MSW composition for waste received from Gurugram 4. Status of solid waste treatment 5. Major e-waste contributing states in India 6. Composition of plastic waste in major plastic waste generating cities in India as of 2015/16 7. GHG emissions from solid waste disposal sites and reduction potential 8. Emission points from MSW sector · Status of MSW generation in each state/UT of India · Major recycling infrastructure in some of the states of India · Plastic waste generation in some of the Indian states/UTs · Management of plastics in India · Average constituents of C&D waste · C&D waste generated in major cities of India · C&D waste management in India · C&D waste recycling in a typical recycling facility Water Resource Management 1. Per capita water availability in relation to population (a) Category of groundwater exploitation in monitored blocks in India and (b) the number of groundwater assessment units 2. Depth to water-level maps for (a) pre-monsoon and (b) post-monsoon in 2018 3. Trend of average water table in India from 1980 to 2015 4. Number of districts with fluoride in groundwater above the permissible limit 5. Number of locations in different states with arsenic concentration in groundwater above the permissible limit (0.01 to 0.05 mg/L and > 0.05 mg/L) 6. Number of districts with electrical conductivity in groundwater above the permissible limit 7. Number of districts with iron in groundwater above the permissible limit 8. Number of districts with nitrate in groundwater above the permissible limit (45 mg/L) 9. Net irrigated area in India 10. Access to safe drinking water in rural households (in %) 11. Access to safe drinking water in urban households (in %) 12. BOD trends of waterbodies in India (in mg/L) 13. Total coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India 14. Faecal coliform (in MPN/100 mL) trends of waterbodies in India Land and Forest Resource Management 1. Percentage of area under various uses in 2017 2. Land-use change from 2010/11 to 2014/15 3. Linkage of SDG 15 to other SDGs 4. Forest cover in terms of percentage to the total geographical area 5. Trend analysis of forest cover in India between 2005 and 2019 6. Forest area of six regions of the country along with annual fire alerts 7. Trend in afforestation from 2007/08 to 2014/15 by MoEFCC 8. Endemic and threatened endemic species of India 9. The area under protected areas in India Climate Change 1 Annual total number of extreme climatic events in India 2 All-India annual mean temperature anomalies for 1901–2020 (based on the 1981–2010 average) 3 Spatial patterns of liner trends of (a) maximum and (b) minimum temperatures 4. Spatial pattern of trend (°C/100 years) in mean annual temperature anomalies (1901–2020) 5. Decadal means of all-India summer monsoon rainfall (in percentage departure from mean) 6. All-India annual mean percentage departures for 1901–2020 (based on the 1961–2010 average) 7. Sub-divisional trends of (a) seasonal and (b) monsoon rainfall for 1901–2003 8. Time series of active (upper panel) and break (lower panel) during the monsoon season 9. Cyclone tracks of depressions and cyclonic storms formed during 2020: a) monsoon season b) other seasons 10. Emission trends across four major CO2 emitters 11. CO2 emissions (in MTCO2) in India in comparison to GDP (PPP) 12. CO2 emissions within subsectors in India 13. Emissions by fuel type in India 14. Comparison of coal cess collected, amount transferred to, and financed from projects recommended under NCEEF List of Maps Petroleum and Natural gas 1. Crude oil and product infrastructure in India 2. Natural gas infrastructure in India Renewable Energy 1. Solar potential of Indian states/union territories 2. State-wise wind energy potential at 100/120 m above ground level 3. Biomass power, bagasse cogeneration, and waste-to-energy 4. Small hydro potential in India 5. Geothermal potential in India Agriculture 1. State-wise annual land-use cover change in India: 2003–05 to 2011–13 Building 1. Climate zone map of India Water Resource Management 1 Places with fluoride concentration more than 1.5 mg/L 2 Locations with arsenic concentration in groundwater above the permissible limit (0.01 to 0.05 mg/L and > 0.05 mg/L) 3 Distribution of electrical conductivity in India Land and Forest Resource Management 1 Wasteland map of India 2 State-wise number of wetlands in India 3 Forest types in India 4 Forest cover in India