Throughout most of American history, U.S. military forces proved unready for the wars that were thrust upon them and suffered costly reverses in early battles.

The U.S. military has been continuously engaged in foreign conflicts for over two decades. The strains that these deployments, the associated increases in opera

From a military operational standpoint, surprise is an event or capability that could affect the outcome of a mission or campaign for which preparations are not

This paper presents an analytic framework that builds from previous work to yield the systematic and defendable readiness analysis that must underlie decisions