Pioneering biblical critic, theorist of democracy, and legendary conflater of God and nature, Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was excommunicated b

Pioneering biblical critic, theorist of democracy, and legendary conflater of God and nature, Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was excommunicated b

An excellent overview of the intellectual history of important figures in German Jewry. Until the 18th century Jews lived in Christian Europe, spiritually and o

A chronicle of the Jewish community in the region they called medinat rusiya, "the land of Russia," a region severed from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and

The rise of printing had major effects on culture and society in the early modern period, and the presence of this new technology—and the relatively rapid emb