Almost on the eve of the sixteenth-century Reformation, the long-running debate over the respective authority of popes and councils in the Catholic Church was v

How early American Catholics justified secularism and overcame suspicions of disloyalty, transforming ideas of religious liberty in the process. In colonial Ame

In 1420, after more than one hundred years of the Avignon Exile and the Western Schism, the papal court returned to Rome, which had become depopulated, dangerou

How was power justified in late medieval Europe? What justifications did people find convincing, and why? Based around the two key intellectual movements of the

How was power justified in late medieval Europe? What justifications did people find convincing, and why? Based around the two key intellectual movements of the