Among the most important reasons that artificial reefs have been created are the protection of the seabed with macroalgae, the possibility of improving fishing,

Beneath the coastal waters of the world lie thousands of artificial reefs. Some are old and retired freighters and ships that once plied the oceans of the world

Most European seas articifial reef (AR) programmes are included in this book. Interests in ARs are varied, ranging from the "expected" fishery enhancement throu

Coastal areas are among Earth's most dynamic and economically vital regions, supporting diverse ecosystems and human communities. However, they face unprecedent

Artificial habitats have been used for centuries to successfully modify environments for the benefit of Man. In the aquatic environment, the use of artificial h