Current standard narratives of Ottoman, Balkan, and Middle East history overemphasise the role of nationalism in the transformation of the region. Challenging t

This book argues that religious affiliation was the most influential shaper of communal identity in the Ottoman era.

In the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire traditional religious structures crumbled as the empire itself began to fall apart. The state's answer to schism was re

Originally conceived as a military history, this second edition completes the story of the Middle Eastern populations that underwent significant transformation

The region that is today Macedonia was long the heart of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. It was home to a complex mix of peoples and faiths who had for hundreds o